Before the Beginning: A Founder’s Introduction

From Chicago to Italy, Switzerland to Argentina, Interpro’s story has always been global.

While sorting through old files, Ralph Strozza found memories. Among the clutter was a commencement program from his graduation at Northwestern University, a business plan scribbled with guesses, and the story of how Interpro came to be. 

“It’s incredible to look back and see how much we’ve grown in 30 years. You never know when you’ll stumble across something that still holds value, like the dream that started it all. Tucked between expired passports and old policies was the blueprint of a dream that somehow became a 30-year legacy.”

— Ralph Strozza, Interpro’s Founder

Here’s to looking back on the 30 years of becoming Interpro, and to the many milestones ahead.

From Ralph: “Shown above is page 10 of the Business Plan I developed, dated August 22, 1994. The cover of the Plan was for Global Translation (GLOBTRAN), but as you can see, there were other names I was bouncing around: Technology Translation Group (TTG), DigiTran, and SST (System Software Translation). The name I eventually decided on was TriniSys Translations, but if you ask me why I came up with this, I can honestly tell you that I have no idea what I was thinking. Maybe I just thought it sounded cool. A few months later I changed the company name to InterPro Translation Solutions, Inc. I wanted something that reflected that we were 1) International (Inter), 2) Professionals (Pro). It’s incredible to look back and see how much we’ve grown in 30 years.”

1995: Interpro Opens its Doors

In the mid-1980s and early 1990s, Ralph held leadership roles at WCC (Worldwide Communications Corporation), TAO International in Toulouse, France, Intergraph Corporation, and System Software Associates (SSA), managing localization of complex ERP software into ten languages. While leading these efforts, he saw a growing demand for high-quality technical translation services that few vendors could meet effectively.

“Clients kept asking who could help translate their customized software,” Ralph recalls. “There just wasn’t a good answer.”

Armed with firsthand experience in managing complex translation workflows and understanding the unique needs of global business software, Ralph recognized a gap in the market. That insight, paired with his deep love of language and emerging tech, became the catalyst for founding Interpro. He envisioned a firm built on world-class language services, in-house expertise, and long-term client partnerships. Essentially, a firm grounded in professional localization and technical excellence.

This led to the beginning of Interpro’s story with a commitment to delivering high-quality, client-focused translation services.

In 1995, Ralph launched Interpro Translation Solutions with a bold promise: to make high-quality, tech-enabled translation both easy and human.

Early company principles (that still stand to this day) at Interpro included:

• A consultative, solution-focused mindset
• In-country, native-speaking professional linguists paired by subject matter expertise
• Long-term language team partnerships
• Smart use of translation technology
• In-house project management, desktop publishing, and engineering

And famously, the Interpro standard, penned by Ralph: “Nordstrom, not Walmart.” The goal wasn’t to be the cheapest. It was to be the best.

Pictured left is Yuko Kato and on the right is Abdelkader Daoudi, early Project Managers on the Interpro team.

Other notable stories in 1995:

• Abdelkader Daoudi joins as Project Manager, beginning a legacy of leadership and excellence for our project management team.
• Interpro localizes InstallShield into 20+ languages (and Interpro’s first major multilingual project).
• Interpro is one of the first businesses on the nascent worldwide web to have a multilingual website (French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish).

1996: Expanding Services

As global business expanded online, Interpro quickly adapted. Launching complex Multilingual Desktop Publishing (MDTP) in 1996 would eventually lead to Interpro becoming a full-service translation agency. Future services would expand to providing consultative advice for website localization and eLearning course translation. Clients would begin to turn to us not just for translation, but for complete support and consultative advice for expanding across new platforms and global audiences.

Key client relationships with Honeywell Sensing and Control (now M45 Marketing) and IBM’s MAPICS division began to thrive. Mack Campbell, our former client partner for MAPICS, recalls, “Interpro’s strength was never just in the words it translated. It was in how the company operated: with integrity, with urgency, and with genuine care.”

1997: Interpro’s Future Manager, eLearning and DTP Joins the Team

Many at Interpro are multilingual, and Larry Pilotto is no exception. His languages just happen to be HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and PHP. 

Since joining Interpro in 1997, Larry has been at the forefront of tackling some of the toughest technical challenges for formatting translations. Originally hired as a Multilingual Desktop Publishing Specialist, he quickly became the go-to expert for solving complex layout and language support issues across hundreds of thousands of pages and dozens of languages. In addition to DTP and eLearning work, he helped create interproinc.com and remains an integral part of Interpro’s online website initiatives to this day.

“The one thing that sticks with me over all these years is the stories from clients about how we’ve helped them help diverse groups overcome language barriers. It’s one of the most satisfying aspects of the work,” Larry says. “The technical challenges are fun, but helping spread information is really at the heart of what we do.”

Everyone at Interpro agrees – Larry is a loyal team player and critical to Interpro’s decades of success. 

Featured in an 2002 edition of Interprospectives, this snapshot highlights the contributions of John Greenwood, Abdelkader Daoudi, Beshar Bahjat, and Larry Pilotto. These four team members helped shape Interpro’s early success through dedication,  leadership and technical skill.

1999: Interpro’s Future Chief Technology Officer (CTO) Joins the Team

It was during these formative years that Beshar Bahjat joined the team. Originally hired on a temporary contract in 1997, Beshar quickly became a pillar of Interpro’s technical innovation and service delivery. 

“I was working as a software engineer at a Consulting firm that was a sister-company to Interpro Translation Solutions back in 1999,” Beshar says “asked to help Interpro on a temporary basis with some localization engineering, and I never left!”

A software engineer by training and an incredible technical problem-solver, he has:

• designed scalable systems to support every function of the organization,
• led the development of custom workflows and integrations with client tools,
• and guided the backend operations that power our evolving service lines, including AI translation and consulting services.

His early contributions included helping a dot-com-era firm launch a multilingual website and supporting major clients like IBM and Qualcomm through technically demanding localization projects.

“Beshar has been integral from the beginning,” Ralph says. “His ability to develop engineering solutions for our client’s language needs shaped the way we deliver our services today.”

Now Interpro’s CTO, Beshar has spent over 27 years helping build, refine, and future-proof the systems that power multilingual success. He can be found behind the scenes speaking a different language at any given time – Arabic, C++, SQL, and many more. (We really don’t know how he remembers it all!)

Beshar Bahjat, shown training a coworker in the mid-2000s, brought deep technical expertise and innovative thinking that started by transforming Interpro’s engineering operations and eventually shaping the systems behind our global services.

1999: Building Brand Awareness

While Beshar was innovating behind the scenes, others were working to grow Interpro’s presence around the globe. 

Former business development lead John Greenwood recalls, “What truly set Interpro apart, then and now, was its relentless commitment to excellence.” John joined the company in 1999 after collaborating with Ralph Strozza during the AS/400 era, and helped extend Interpro’s reach across the U.S., Europe, and Asia.

This is what would officially launch Interpro’s marketing and sales efforts, building an undeniable reputation around the globe. 

John Greenwood and the early sales team helped launch Interpro’s global brand presence, laying the foundation for decades of trusted multilingual service.

2000: Localization for the Olympics

By 1998, we were delivering document translation services and managing fulfillment for IBM Personal Systems Group Latin America. This relationship would lead to localizing IBM’s 2000 Sydney Olympics website into six languages: Simplified Chinese, Brazilian Portuguese, Japanese, French, German, and Spanish for the 2000 Sydney games. This would be an early example of Interpro’s global translation services.

An early snapshot of the Interpro team, featuring Larry Pilotto and Beshar Bahjat (back row, second and fourth from left). This group laid the foundation for Interpro’s legacy of technical excellence, global collaboration, and people-powered growth.

2001: Opening an International Office in Argentina

To support our highest-volume language – Latin American Spanish – we decided to open  a regional office in Rosario, Argentina in 2001.

Interpro Argentina joined the ranks of our Worldwide Partner Network teams of skilled translators from around the world, growing across time zones and countries.. Our Argentina office has now evolved and grown into what we call today into our international partners around the world – like Interpro Team Chile.

2002: Ralph Strozza is 100% Owner of Interpro

When Ralph Strozza became the 100% owner of Interpro, it was a big moment for the company. It gave him full control to shape the future of the business and focus on what mattered most: building long-term partnerships, delivering high-quality work, and hiring people who truly care about making a difference. 

Ralph needed to grow the business to ensure its success, but he also wanted to create a strong, stable company that would last for decades. This decision helped Interpro stay focused, financially healthy, and grow into the trusted company it is today. It’s one of the main reasons we’re still here, 30 years later, ready for what’s next. 

It must have worked, because in 2002 Interpro completed their first multi-language mobile localization project for Qualcomm’s BREW platform, a pioneering move in the mobile translation space. 

2003: Supporting NIU’s Foreign Language Department

As a company proudly based in Wheaton, Illinois and part of the greater Chicago area, Interpro has always felt a strong connection to Northern Illinois University (NIU). Founder Ralph Strozza and current CEO Nick Strozza are both NIU alumni who studied in the foreign language department, and many members of our leadership team share a similar background.

Because of this close connection, Interpro has made it a priority to give back. Over the years, we’ve supported NIU with in-kind donations and monetary support: donating Trados software so students can practice translation skills, providing presentations and guest lectures, offering internships and scholarships for students who are passionate about language and looking to build a future in translation.

Building a successful business means giving back to our local community and helping the next generation of professionals succeed.

Interpro’s team proudly supports Northern Illinois University because their language department has helped shape many of our leaders.

2004: eLearning Localization Services Changed Interpro’s Future

In 2004, our growing team proudly completed our first eLearning localization project, and became proficient in tools like Storyline, Rise, and Captivate. Little did we know this would shape our company for decades to come.

Educational courses are notoriously complex to localize. A single module in a course can include video, captions, voiceover, downloadable workbooks, forms, quizzes, and certifications – and most courses aren’t just one video. They’re entire libraries.

Expanding into eLearning was a challenge but also a reflection of our commitment to growing with our clients’ language needs. Today, Interpro is recognized as one of the most trusted eLearning localization partners in the industry for custom learning management systems, or commonly used tools like Articulate Storyline and Rise. 

We’ll carry this commitment to expand our services with your needs into the future of Interpro.

Localization of an eLearning course into Arabic in Articulate Rise.

2005: InterProspectives Brings Language Insights to Our Community 

In 2005, Interpro launched its first edition of Interprospectives, a publication created to share what we were learning and seeing inside the world of translation. Our goal was simple: keep our clients, team members, and industry partners informed with real insights from behind the scenes.

We’re proud to say that nearly 20 years later, Interprospectives is still going strong. Thanks to modern technology, it’s now a fully digital publication. Today, we send out a monthly Interpro Insights newsletter that highlights our latest blogs, resources, and company updates. From time to time, we still publish special Interprospectives editions written by our leadership team, giving readers a closer look at the ideas and trends shaping Interpro’s future.

Want to receive the next issue? Subscribe here.

An early edition of InterProspectives (now rebranded to Interprospectives), Interpro’s original print publication, showcasing our commitment to technical expertise, multilingual accessibility, and knowledge sharing across the translation and localization industry.

2007: Creating a Brand Designed for Growth

As our services grew and our team expanded around the world, it became clear that our brand needed to show who we were becoming: a trusted, consultative language partner dedicated to long-term client relationships.

In 2007, Interpro updated its logo to better reflect something that had always been at the heart of our company: partnership. 

But that wasn’t the first (or last) time we’d change our visual identity.

Our very first logo in 1995 was simple and technical, created at a time when Interpro was just getting started. As the years passed, our look evolved alongside the company itself. Each version of our logo reflects the evolution from a small, passionate startup to a full-service, global language solutions provider.

In 2025, we proudly introduced our most modern brand yet. This updated look was built to reflect not just what we do, but how we do it. It represents:

• the subject matter expertise that our clients rely on, 
• the high standards we’re known for, 
• and the dedicated people behind every successful translation.

The evolution of Interpro’s brand from 1995 to today.

2008: Supporting Enterprise Localization Goals

Over the years, Interpro has been proud to support hundreds of organizations with their global communication needs. One project that stands out as a major milestone took place in 2008, when Interpro was selected for the State of California SB 853 Translation Project, launched by then governor (and star of one of our current CEO’s favorite holiday classics):  Mr. Arnold Schwarzenegger. 

This major effort involved translating over 2 million words of critical healthcare materials into five threshold languages: Spanish, Tagalog, Traditional Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese. It was a huge responsibility, and one that proved Interpro was ready and scalable to handle large, complex projects with accuracy and care. 

This project would set the stage for future growth. Since then, we’ve translated more than 350 million words and partnered with global organizations across multiple industries.

2010: Interpro Wins Award for Small Business Excellence

In 2010, Interpro was honored to receive the Annual Award for Business Excellence in the Small Company category. This award, presented by the Daily Herald Business Ledger, recognizes outstanding businesses in the Chicago area for growth, innovation, and community involvement.

Winning this award was a meaningful moment for Interpro. It showed that our hard work, strong client relationships, and dedication to quality were making an impact in our industry and our local business community. The award is proudly displayed in our conference room to this day.

At that time, Interpro was continuing to grow its team, expand services, and take on more enterprise-level projects. Being recognized as a top small business reinforced our belief in putting people first for both inside the company and with every client we serve.

Ralph Strozza accepts the 2010 Annual Award for Business Excellence, recognizing Interpro as a top small business in the Chicago area for innovation, growth, and community impact.

Talking about winning awards as a motivator: in 2016 Interpro’s marketing collateral WORDS! would win the American Advertising Federation of Northern Illinois Addy Gold Award. Interpro partnered with one of our longest standing clients (M45 Marketing) to deliver this showcase piece.This would inspire future marketing efforts to bring Interpro’s philosophy about translation into everything we do. 

2017: From Words to Conversations with Interpreting Services

Interpro expanded its service offerings to include interpreting with Remote Simultaneous Interpretation (RSI) in 2017, which was an innovative offering that would later support expanding needs in webinar interpreting, event interpreting, and other real-time multilingual services.

This move was a direct response to the needs of our clients, especially large organizations hosting real-time events, meetings, and webinars in multiple languages.

While we had built a strong reputation in translation and localization, many of our clients needed a partner who could also support live conversations with the same level of quality and care. We listened and delivered.

By adding interpreting services, we continued on our path of becoming  a true, full-service language partner. Clients could now count on us not just for written content, but also for real-time multilingual support. Whether it’s a virtual conference, training session, or global team meeting, Interpro’s interpreting services are built to meet the same high standards we’ve always had.

It was one more way to show our commitment to being the best possible partner, no matter how our clients need to communicate.

Interpro’s interpreters deliver real-time multilingual support as part of our commitment to helping clients connect through spoken language, with the same quality and care as our written translations.

2021: Interpro Backs Our Core Standards with ISO-Certified Services

By 2021, Interpro had been awarded ISO 9001 (Quality Management) and ISO 17100 (Translation Services) certifications, both hallmarks of quality in certified language services. 

These certifications from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recognize companies that meet high standards for quality management, client satisfaction, and continual improvement. 

Since day one, Interpro has been focused on one thing above all: quality. Producing accurate, dependable translation services has always been at the core of our mission. 

For us, earning our ISO certifications wasn’t to just check another box. It was a symbol of our commitment to providing quality translation services for our clients, and of how far we’re willing to go to serve our clients with excellence. From process to people, our systems are built to deliver the best possible experience with the overall objective of complete client satisfaction . 

One of our partners at Jigsaw Quality Management & Audit Solutions, Sam Somerville, recalls:

“From our first meeting, it was clear Interpro was no ordinary company. This wasn’t just about achieving a standard. Interpro’s leadership and team were fully committed to embedding continuous improvement at the core of their business. Their enthusiasm for quality wasn’t surface-level. It was part of their DNA.”

2021: Adopting a Remote First Culture

In 2021, the world was still adjusting to major changes in how people live and work, and Interpro adapted right along with it.

Alongside the pandemic, we made a big shift: Interpro officially became a remote-first company.

The truth is, Interpro has always worked across borders. With linguists, engineers, project managers, DTP specialists and interpreters located around the globe, we have operated as a remote organization for over30 years. But 2021 marked a new chapter, one where we fully embraced flexible work as a core part of our culture.

This move allowed us to open up more opportunities for remote employees, create a better culture with a stronger, more connected team. By focusing on results instead of location, we have built a healthier, more supportive workplace and a more successful company.

Going remote-first did not just help us grow. It helped us stay true to who we have always been: a global team, working together to connect people through language.

Interpro team members gather in person and virtually during a hybrid team building meeting reflecting our shift and our ongoing commitment to global collaboration, flexibility, and connection.

2022: New Global Headquarters for the Future

In 2022, Interpro made a major investment in our future by purchasing a new headquarters office in Wheaton, Illinois, in the greater Chicago area. This decision gave the team a permanent  home base. It was about building stability, showing long-term commitment to our region, and preparing for the next 30 years of growth.

We purchased the office in full, with no debt. That choice strengthened our financial future and gave us a space to call our own, right in the heart of the community where Interpro began.

The new headquarters reflects our values of independence, partnership, and progress. It gives our team a place to collaborate, and represents a milestone in Interpro’s story – one that’s built to last.

The Interpro team gathers at Interpro’s Global Headquarters in Wheaton, IL

2023: Our People are Our Story

As we’ve grown over the years, one thing is clear – Interpro’s success comes from our team. 

“Many Interpro team members have been with the company for 10, 20, even 25+ years. When reflecting on the journey of how we got here, one thing is clear: it’s our team that has shaped the company’s evolution,” says Nick Strozza, CEO. “It’s only right that we tell their stories of their experiences that have helped shape Interpro’s expertise.”

As part of our story, we want to highlight some of the professional experts behind the brand:

Lei Meng shares about her role leading language project management at Interpro and how: “Localization isn’t just about translating words. It’s about making knowledge accessible, empowering people, and creating real-world impact.”

Javiera Gonzalez has shared her essential phrases to learn from her trip to Japan and provided cultural insight to the rich history of empanadas.

Arianna Martin shares her international experiences living across 5 countries. (Do we need to say more?)

Mirela Savulescu’s journey from Transylvania to Chicago underlines the global experiences that enrich our company’s culture. 

Maria Fagrelius shares her story of immigration and cultural adaptation, highlighting the empathy and understanding that drive our work.

We’re proud to be the trusted language partner because of our expert team of professionals.

2024: Beginning New Leadership with Legacy

In 2024, Ralph formally passed the torch to his son, Nick Strozza, who had grown up alongside the company. With a background in marketing and a love of language, Nick stepped into the CEO role with a fresh vision and deep respect for Interpro’s roots.

“We’re still about making human connections,” Nick says. “Technology helps us, but people come first. We’re embracing new tools, but never at the cost of quality.”

Under Nick’s leadership, Interpro has refreshed its mission, expanded service offerings, and reaffirmed its commitment to people-centered translator services. 

Footnote: Ralph hasn’t hung up his boots just yet. He works on special projects and acts in an advisory capacity to the company as a whole. While his official title is ‘Founder,’ his unwritten title continues to be Consigliere!

From Founder Ralph Strozza’s early leadership (often joined by his loyal office companion, Payton #34) to the next generation with CEO Nick Strozza, Interpro’s legacy continues to grow and evolve.

2025: Celebrating 30 Years of Powered by People

And just like that, 30 years went by in a flash. In 2025, Interpro is proudly celebrating 30 years in business. 

In honor of this historical achievement, we launched a completely new Interpro brand to reflect who Interpro has become over the past three decades, and where we are going.. The new brand represents our growth, our values, and the people behind the work. It captures what truly sets us apart.

As Interpro celebrates 30 years in business, our refreshed brand honors what truly sets us apart: our people. Pictured here are some of the faces behind the expertise, partnership, and passion that have defined our journey.

What 30 Years of Being a Leader in Languages Teaches You

Sustaining excellence over three decades takes more than technical skill. It takes more than solving complex problems, delivering consistent quality, and growing with your clients. It requires deep cultural understanding, rigorous quality control, and a true partnership mindset. At Interpro, we’ve built a business around these principles because we are here to be a reliable partner for decades to come.

If your organization is planning for multilingual growth, navigating compliance, or entering new markets, our legacy becomes your advantage.

Let’s talk about where you’re headed and how we can help your journey to get there. Schedule a complimentary localization strategy session with our team of experts today.

The post Interpro’s Company History: The Stories Behind Our 30-Year Legacy appeared first on Interpro Translation Solutions.

Empanadas are quickly gaining popularity around the world. They aren’t just popular in Latin America, Spain or Portugal anymore; now you can find them even in English-speaking countries. This article explores the history, variations and cultural significance of empanadas.

What is an Empanada?

They are a type of pastry made of a fairly thin dough, which can have a bread-like consistency or be flakier, with a sweet or savory filling.

Its pronunciation is easier than it might seem: em-puh-naa-thuh. The Chilean pronunciation is a bit different. In this Spanish variant, speakers tend to drop the “thuh,” and just say “em-puh-naa.”

Origin

Tracing the exact origin of this delicious food can be challenging. Nevertheless, most sources point to Portugal and Spain during the Middle Ages. Some say the word itself comes from the word pan (bread in Spanish), which becomes a verb to say empanar, basically, surround something with bread.

The most widely accepted theory is that empanadas were used as convenience food: people could fill bread with vegetables or meat and take them on trips. This also helped preserve the filling for a bit longer. To make them even more convenient, people started cooking the bread dough with the filling to save time. Over the years, the dough was tweaked for a tastier consistency, giving us the empanada we know today.

Empanadas in Chile

During the early colonization period, around 1540, Spaniards brought with them a new and groundbreaking food: Empanadas. People seemed to like it, and criollos (people of Spanish descent born in Latin America) started experimenting with the original recipe. They added grease to the dough, usually in the form of butter, making it moister and tastier. They also took inspiration from the Mapuche, the indigenous people of Chile, who used “pino” (a meat mince with garlic, onion, raisins, and chili) in many of their foods. The criollos decided to put this pino into the empanadas, along with a slice of hard-boiled egg.

Evidence suggests that Chilean empanadas, as we know them today, were made as early as 1652. A painting in the Cathedral of Santiago called “Holy Dinner” depicts an empanada, indicating it had already become a Chilean staple by that time.

Modern Variations

Today, you can find endless fillings and doughs for empanadas. Some have seafood, others have cheese and plantain. While variations often depend on the country, personal preference also plays a significant role.

Typical Chilean empanadas are made with pino, which contains meat, but in recent years, vegans have adapted the recipe so they can enjoy them too. Empanada consumption in Chile is usually once or twice a month, but during September, it skyrockets. This is because empanadas are closely tied to Chilean tradition, and during the month of Chile’s independence, they quickly fill every store, fair, and family table. Vegans have come up with creative ways to replace meat, using ingredients like textured vegetable protein, quinoa, or black beans. Some even make vegan hard-boiled eggs with tofu, corn starch, and mustard.

Empanadas Beyond the “Empanada”

Some argue that empanadas are present in many cultures, not just the ones mentioned throughout this article. Although this is a hot debate which can ruffle some feathers, there are foods around the world which follow the same empanada principle.

We already covered the basics: Empanadas are a dough with a filling. If we take this definition and apply it elsewhere, we could mention foods like samosas (India), dumplings (China) and panzerotti (Italy).

Wrapping up like a perfectly folded empanada!

This tasty stuffed pastry is extremely versatile; it can be sweet or savory, big or small, fried or oven-baked, vegan or non-vegan! Whatever the case may be, you can always adapt them to suit even the pickiest eater.

Are you ready to make your own empanada at home? Or do you want to learn more about other cultures?

Culture and Business: 5 Books to Understand the Connection

7 Essential Japanese Phrases for Traveling to Japan

Fictional Languages: Exploring their Origin and Cultural Significance

The post A Taste of Culture: The History of Empanadas appeared first on Interpro Translation Solutions.

This article is based on the firsthand experience of Javiera, a translation and localization Project Manager from Chile, who recently traveled to Japan. Drawing from her journey, she shares the seven essential phrases every traveler should know before engaging with Japanese culture.

Japan continues to rise as a destination of choice for American businesses expanding globally. Its rich history, advanced infrastructure, and thriving industries make it an ideal place to establish partnerships and grow market share. However, the language barrier can present real challenges for people accustomed to Western norms.

In this article, you’ll discover seven key Japanese words and phrases that will help you move confidently through different settings, public transit, and everyday interactions. These expressions aren’t just about communication—they’re about showing respect and building trust, a cornerstone of Japanese culture.

Phrases Covered in This Article:

• How to greet and show respect in Japanese
• Phrases that ease everyday interactions
• Tips for understanding convenience store (konbini) conversations
• Navigating public transportation with the right vocabulary
• Expressing gratitude the Japanese way

1. Sumimasen (すみません) – “Excuse me / I’m sorry”

Pronounced: soo-mee-mah-sehn

This all-purpose phrase is one of the most valuable expressions to know. Use it when you bump into someone, want to politely call a server over, or need to catch someone’s attention. In formal settings, coupling this with a respectful bow communicates humility.

2. Hai (はい) and Daijobu Desu (大丈夫です) – “Ok” and “I’m fine”

Pronounced: ha-ee and dai-joh-bu dehs

“Hai” means yes, and while “no” directly translates to “いいえ (ieh)”, it’s more polite to say “daijobu desu” when declining something. Whether you’re refusing a bag at checkout or politely turning down a refill during a meeting, using this phrase shows cultural awareness and respect.

3. Fukuro (袋) – “Bag”

Pronounced: foo-koo-ro

At Japanese convenience stores (konbini), clerks may ask, “Fukuro ni oire shimasu ka?” meaning “Would you like a bag?” Just listen for the word “fukuro” and reply with “hai” or “daijobu desu.” Knowing this one word makes checkout interactions smoother.

4. Pointo Kaado (ポイントカード) – “Point Card”

Pronounced: poin-toh kaa-doh

Frequent buyers are often asked, “Pointo kaado wa omochi desu ka?” or “Do you have a point card?” Unless you plan to become a local, a simple “daijobu desu” will suffice.

5. Atatamemasu Ka? (温めますか) – “Would you like it heated?”

Pronounced: ah-tah-tah-meh-mas kah

From bento boxes to sandwiches, many konbini items can be warmed up for you. Listen for the word “atatame” when purchasing food. You can reply with “hai” or “daijobu desu” depending on your preference.

6. Toire wa Doko Desu Ka? (トイレはどこですか) – “Where is the restroom?”

Pronounced: toy-reh wah doh-koh des kah

This phrase is essential for navigating public places. Most people will respond with a simple gesture or direction. Even knowing just this one phrase can be empowering while exploring cities like Tokyo or Osaka.

7. Arigatou Gozaimasu (ありがとうございます) – “Thank you very much”

Pronounced: ah-ree-gah-toh go-zai-mas

Gratitude is a fundamental part of Japanese culture. Use this phrase after meetings, meals, or any interaction where someone has helped you. Dropping the formal “gozaimasu” is okay in casual situations, but including it is a safe bet for more formal environments.

For People Doing Business in Japan – Let us help you.

Mastering a few basic Japanese phrases does more than ease logistical challenges. It shows respect for the language and culture and sets the tone for a successful, respectful partnership.

Whether you’re meeting with potential partners in Kyoto or launching a global website with a Japanese audience, ensure you’re using the most accurate and culturally appropriate language.

At Interpro, we support global organizations that are preparing for international ventures with culturally sensitive, high-quality translation services.

The post 7 Essential Japanese Phrases for Traveling to Japan appeared first on Interpro Translation Solutions.

Table of Contents

1. A Holiday Greeting From the Interpro Team
2. Why Learning Holiday Greetings Matters
3. Merry Christmas in 30 Popular Languages
4. Celebrating Diversity: Regional Holiday Greetings and Traditions
5. FAQs

The Interpro Team wishes you a season of joy and camaraderie around the world – Happy Holidays, Merry Christmas, and a bright and joyful Yule to you and yours!

Why Learning Holiday Greetings Matters

Understanding how to express holiday wishes in different languages goes beyond mere translation. It demonstrates cultural awareness, respect, and a genuine interest in connecting with people from diverse backgrounds. Whether you’re a global business professional, a language enthusiast, or simply someone who loves to spread joy, mastering these greetings can open doors to meaningful connections.

“Language is the road map of a culture. It tells you where its people come from and where they are going.” – Rita Mae Brown

Merry Christmas in 30 Popular Languages

Here’s a quick reference guide to saying “Merry Christmas” in 30 widely spoken languages:

For more information on the 100+ languages Interpro can translate, learn more about our supported lanuages.

Celebrating Diversity: Regional Holiday Greetings and Traditions

Regional Variations and Cultural Insights

It’s important to note that holiday greetings can vary significantly within languages and regions. For example:

• In Spain, “Feliz Navidad” is common, while in some Latin American countries, you might hear “Felices Fiestas” (Happy Holidays).
• In Arabic-speaking countries, Christians might say “Eid Milad Majid” (عيد ميلاد مجيد), while a more general holiday greeting is “Kul ‘am wa antum bikhair” (كل عام وأنتم بخير).

Holiday Traditions Around the World

Additionally, understanding the context of holiday traditions in different cultures can enrich your translations. Here are some unique Christmas traditions from around the world:

1. Japan: While not traditionally a Christian country, many Japanese people enjoy Christmas cake and fried chicken on December 25th.
2. Germany: Advent calendars and Christmas markets are hugely popular, with each region having its own specialties.
3. Philippines: The “Simbang Gabi” is a nine-day series of pre-dawn masses leading up to Christmas Day.

Business Applications for Multilingual Holiday Greetings

For businesses operating in a global market, incorporating multilingual holiday greetings can:

1. Demonstrate cultural sensitivity
2. Strengthen international relationships
3. Enhance brand perception in diverse markets

Learn more about our localization consulting services.

FAQs

1. Q: How do I choose the right greeting for a multicultural audience?
   A: When addressing a diverse group, consider using a more general greeting like “Happy Holidays” or include multiple language options.
2. Q: Are there any cultures where Christmas greetings might be inappropriate?
   A: Yes, in some non-Christian countries, it’s better to use general seasonal greetings. Always research the cultural norms of your audience.

Ready to take your global communication to the next level? Contact Interpro Translation Solutions for expert language services that go beyond translation, ensuring your message resonates across cultures.

By mastering these holiday greetings, you’re not just saying words – you’re building bridges across cultures. Share this guide with friends and colleagues to spread the joy of multilingual holiday cheer!

Last updated: 12/18/2024. We regularly update our language database to ensure accuracy and inclusivity.

The post Spread Global Holiday Cheer: The Ultimate Guide to Saying “Merry Christmas” in 30 Languages appeared first on Interpro Translation Solutions.

Finding my passion

Growing up in a small town tucked away in the hills of Transylvania in Romania, I never dreamt that one day I would call Chicago my home. And yet, at the age of 26, I found myself starting the greatest adventure of my life and moving to the United States.

As a child, all I knew about the United States was what I saw on TV and in the few movies we had access to at the time. But my curiosity for faraway places and cultures was stirred early on by reading. I was a book worm growing up, discovering and imagining new worlds through the books I was devouring day after day. Then, in high school I enrolled in an intensive language program, studying French and English. That truly ignited my lifelong passion for languages and translation, so there was no surprise that I chose to follow the same path in college and beyond.

Moving to a bigger city for college, meeting new people and learning about other places only increased my curiosity and my thirst for travel. So, after my freshman year, when I won a scholarship for a study abroad program, I didn’t hesitate to pack my bags and move to France for a year.

Discovering France

The year I spent in France was an eye-opening experience. I was 20 years old and it was my first time abroad, so everything I saw and discovered seemed fascinating. But then, it is easy to be fascinated by a country like France, with its rich culture and history and diverse natural beauty, not to mention the amazing food. I met wonderful people who made me feel welcome and taught me a lot about their language, traditions and way of life. I travelled everywhere I could, from the northernmost point to the Mediterranean, from Paris to the Atlantic Ocean, and even made it to Belgium and the Netherlands. I marveled at their art and architecture, admired the variety of landscapes, and discovered interesting details about the local culture and history. It was a truly enriching experience that left me eager to explore new sites and broaden my horizons even further.

Winning the lottery

After college, I moved back to my hometown, but I was still dreaming about seeing the world. Then, I heard about the Green Card Lottery and the chance to win a visa for the US, and I thought I should give it a try. So, I filled out the form, mailed it in and promptly forgot all about it, because of course I wasn’t seriously hoping to win anything.

Life moved on, almost a year went by and then one beautiful spring day I came home and found a thick envelope in my mailbox. I opened it and glanced at the first page in utter astonishment: “Congratulations! You’ve won the visa lottery…”

Adapting to the big city

I still remember the day my husband and I landed at O’Hare Airport, feeling a bit lost in the sea of travelers rushing by, and later gazing in awe at the Chicago skyline. It all felt like a dream at the time.

The first few years here were both difficult and exhilarating, with us fighting hard to find our place in the new country and trying to adapt to the life in the big city. All the while, discovering new and exciting things every day.

We fully embraced everything Chicago had to offer: from simply admiring the soaring skyscrapers or contemplating the vastness of Lake Michigan stretching out to the horizon, to exploring the museums and attending concerts or the myriads of festivals, to sampling cuisines from all over the world without having to step foot outside the city. Living in such a diverse place also meant meeting people from all the corners of the world and discovering their customs and traditions, which made us more aware of cultural nuances, and taught us a lot about acceptance and open-mindedness.

Finding a new home

We gradually adapted to the new country and way of life, and the things and ideas that may have seemed different or odd at first ended up feeling normal. We travelled to many other places in the US and marveled at its sheer vastness and breathtaking beauty of all its diverse natural wonders. All in all, it was a tremendous growing and learning experience that made us who we are today.

Over twenty years went by and I built a life here and made great friends along the way that today feel like a second family, and I am proud to call Chicago my home. Although I never forgot where I came from and I go back to Romania to visit my family and friends there as often as possible, I also enjoy my life here and look forward to the new experiences that my adoptive country has to offer.

Mirela is a proud team member and works as a project manager at Interpro Translation Solutions.

The post Mirela’s Journey: A Story of Immigration and Adaptation appeared first on Interpro Translation Solutions.

The Origins and Evolution of Halloween

Before we dive into global traditions, let’s briefly explore the history of Halloween. The holiday originated from the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, marking the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter. Over time, it merged with Christian traditions and evolved into the Halloween we know today.

Learn more about the history of Halloween

12 Unique Halloween Traditions Around the World

1. Austria: Pumpkin Festival (Kürbisfest im Retzer Land)

Austria celebrates Halloween with a unique twist. The Pumpkin Festival in Retzer Land, known as Kürbisfest im Retzer Land, is a highlight of the season. On November 11, Austrians celebrate Martini, which includes:

• Costume parades
• Lantern processions
• Traditional beliefs of welcoming dead souls

Did you know? Some Austrians believe that leaving bread, water, and a lighted lamp out will welcome dead souls back to earth for the night.

2. Belgium: Halloween and All Saints’ Day

Belgium’s Halloween celebrations are a mix of old and new traditions:

• Some villages celebrate Halloween with costume parties and decorations
• Other areas focus on All Saints’ Day, a more solemn occasion
• Many Belgians light candles in memory of deceased relatives on Halloween night

3. Canada: A North American Halloween

Canada’s Halloween traditions are similar to those in the United States:

• Introduced by Scottish and Irish immigrants in the 1800s
• Celebrated annually on October 31
• Features include:
  • Elaborate decorations
  • Costume parties
  • Trick-or-treating

4. China: Hungry Ghost Festival and More

While Halloween is not a traditional Chinese holiday, the country has several festivals that share similar themes:

• Hungry Ghost Festival
• Qing Ming Festival
• Double 9th Festival
• Spring Festival

In areas with large expat communities, Halloween decorations and celebrations are becoming more common.

5. England: Mischief Night and Punkies

England has its own unique Halloween traditions:

• “Mischief Night” – the origin of trick-or-treating
• “Punkies” – carved beets instead of pumpkins
• Guy Fawkes Night on November 5 often overshadows Halloween celebrations

6. France: A New Halloween Trend

Halloween in France is a relatively new phenomenon:

• Not a traditional French holiday
• Gaining popularity, especially among younger generations
• Celebrated with costume parties and spooky decorations

7. Germany: Halloween auf Deutsch

Germany has embraced Halloween in recent decades:

• Became popular in the 1990s
• Decorations start appearing in mid-October
• Halloween-themed parties are common
• Martinstag on November 11 features costumes and lantern processions

8. Hong Kong: Commercialized Halloween

Hong Kong has put its own spin on Halloween:

• Increasingly popular in recent years
• Theme parks like Disneyland and Ocean Park host special events
• Shopping centers are decorated with spooky themes

9. Ireland: The Birthplace of Halloween

Ireland is considered the original home of Halloween:

• Rooted in the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain
• Unique traditions include:
• “Knock-a-dolly” pranks
• Halloween card games
• Eating barnbrack, a traditional fruitcake with hidden treats

10. Japan: A Modern Halloween Celebration

Japan has embraced Halloween with enthusiasm:

• Popularized by Tokyo Disneyland and Universal Studios Japan
• Focuses on costumes and decorations rather than trick-or-treating
• Street parties and parades are common in major cities

11. Korea: Chuseok – A Different Kind of Harvest Festival

While Halloween isn’t widely celebrated in Korea, they have their own autumn festival:

• Chuseok (Korean Thanksgiving Day)
• Celebrated according to the lunar calendar
• Involves visiting ancestral hometowns and feasting on traditional foods

12. Latin America, Mexico, and Spain: Día de los Muertos

The Day of the Dead is a significant celebration in these regions:

• Celebrated from October 31 to November 2
• Honors deceased loved ones
• Features colorful decorations, altars, and traditional foods

The Importance of Understanding Global Traditions

As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, understanding and respecting diverse cultural traditions is more important than ever. At Interpro Translation Solutions, we specialize in helping businesses navigate these cultural nuances through our expert localization services.

Why Cultural Awareness Matters in Business

1. Builds stronger international relationships
2. Avoids cultural faux pas
3. Enhances marketing effectiveness
4. Improves customer satisfaction

Learn more about our cultural consulting services

Testimonial

“Interpro’s cultural insights were invaluable in helping us adapt our Halloween marketing campaign for international markets. Their expertise ensured our message resonated with local audiences while respecting cultural sensitivities.”

– Sarah Johnson, Marketing Director at Global Treats Inc.

Conclusion: Embracing Global Halloween Traditions

As we’ve seen, Halloween and similar celebrations take many forms around the world. By understanding and appreciating these diverse traditions, we can foster greater cultural awareness and connection. Whether you’re planning an international marketing campaign or simply want to expand your cultural knowledge, embracing global Halloween traditions is a fun and enlightening experience.

Ready to take your business global?

Contact Interpro Translation Solutions today for expert language and cultural consulting services. Let us help you navigate the complexities of international markets with confidence.

Get Your Free Cultural Consultation

This article was last updated in October, 2024. For the most current information on global Halloween traditions, please consult with our cultural experts.

The post Global Halloween Traditions: 12 Unique Celebrations Around the World appeared first on Interpro Translation Solutions.

Embracing Chicago

I can’t believe it’s been over two decades since I first stepped off the plane from a little village in Spain, wide-eyed and clutching my English phrasebook (no phone apps back then!), into the hustle and bustle of O’Hare Airport.

Time flies when you’re constantly having your mind blown by the sheer number of ways you can customize a coffee order and the shock of seeing those massive cars on the roads. Back then, each one seemed bigger than the last. Now, I chuckle as I navigate the highways in my little Volvo, feeling like a tiny fish in a sea of SUVs and trucks.

From Newcomer to Native(-ish)

Looking back, those early days were a blur of deciphering slang, navigating Chicago’s rush hour commutes (still a challenge!), and trying to explain the concept of ‘tapas’ to my American friends and colleagues.

Twenty years later, I still get the occasional raised eyebrow when I try to explain the difference between tapas and appetizers. I have to say, both are delicious in their own right! For the most part, after 20 years, I feel pretty integrated. In fact, I can’t help but smile when someone tells me I actually have a bit of a Chicago accent. It’s a small but meaningful sign that this place has truly become my home.

Melting Pot Magic

That’s the beauty of Chicago: its incredible diversity (it’s indeed my favorite part of this city!).

Walking down the bustling streets of Chicago, you might hear snippets of Spanish, Polish, Chinese, or Arabic alongside English, creating a symphony of languages. I enjoy attending the vibrant Diwali celebrations on Devon Avenue to the lively Polish Fest and the colorful Chinese New Year parade in Chinatown, Chicago’s calendar is filled with cultural events that showcase the richness of its people. Each neighborhood offers a taste of the world, making this city a true melting pot of cultures and traditions.

Food Never Gets Old

Even after twenty years, Chicago’s food scene still amazes me. Sure, I’ve embraced the iconic deep-dish pizza, but the state fair corn dog with fries and some mayo (a Spaniard’s guilty pleasure) remains a timeless joy.

Beyond the classics, hidden gems like Ethiopian spots in Uptown and bustling Mexican restaurants in Pilsen offer cultural explorations on a plate. Each corner of the city, with its trendy fusion eateries or family-run trattorias, tells its own story through food. It’s definitely a conversation starter with friends, and it’s not so easy to settle on just one cuisine for a family of four. One thing is certain, the diverse culinary landscape of Chicagoland keeps our taste buds happy, ensuring there’s always something new to discover.

Home is Where the Heart Is

This city, this country, has become my home. I’ve built a life here, a family, a career, and a circle of friends who still find my accent charming. Here’s to twenty years down, and hopefully many more adventures to come!

Maria and her two children in front of The Bean in Chicago

The post Maria’s Journey: A Story of Immigration and Cultural Adaptation appeared first on Interpro Translation Solutions.

Arriving in Chicago

An American sunrise from Javiera’s hotel in Naperville, IL

An Enjoyable Welcome Lunch of Chinese Cuisine

As a welcome lunch, Interpro took me to MingHin Cuisine, a Chinese restaurant that in my eyes, was the most authentic I had ever tried.

Being a vegetarian, I was nervous that I wouldn’t be able to enjoy food as much in Chicago, but the Chinese place was one of many pleasant surprises in that regard. I had Mapo Tofu with white rice, a very (to my palate) spicy plate from the province of Sichuan. And I had no idea, but the custom when you go to a Chinese restaurant is that they serve you a very warm kettle of green tea, which was much welcomed by me since the Chicago coldness (-20 degrees Celsius) was freezing my very bones.

An Italian Feast

On a Friday night my boss who is Italian, his wife and her lifelong Mexican friend took me to Maggiano’s, where we had an incredible Italian style feast. As starters we had fried zucchini (which is actually one of the veggies that I least enjoy), stuffed mushrooms and a spinach/artichoke dip; to my surprise, what I enjoyed the most was the crispy and delightful fried zucchini. For dinner I had Mushroom Ravioli, which had a nice touch of sourness to it and a very creamy sauce. For dessert I tried the Tiramisu, which I thoroughly enjoyed, it was moist, the right amount of sweet and very spongy. But I quickly learned from the Italian natives that it wasn’t exactly as they do it in Italy. Hopefully one day I’ll get to try the real thing.

Indian and Nepalese in Chicago

The only time I actually got to go to the city we had an amazing dinner at an Indian place called Chicago Curry House, a delicious Indian and Nepalese restaurant. I got to try different dishes since we decided to share, so we had Paneer Tikka Masala, Chickpea Curry, and Veggie Korma paired with different kinds of naan as well as basmati. As starter we had samosas, which were very aromatic and packed with flavor.

American Lunches

At the office we ordered sandwiches from an Italian place, I had one with provolone cheese, avocado, lettuce and pickles, very nice, with a side of Mac and Cheese, which I was very excited to try since it’s one of my favorite American foods. I also had a Red Velvet cookie, which was honestly the best I’ve ever had.

Another really good place that I randomly got to try was Cinnaholic, which we don’t have in Chile. They are basically gourmet style cinnamon rolls, with a wide variety of options for every liking. I had the Caramel Apple Pie, which had pecans, one of my favorite kind of nut. The apples in it balanced the sweetness of the cinnamon roll very well.

Almost by the end of my trip I got to try Jojo’s ShakeBAR in downtown Naperville, which had a very notorious aesthetic for their food as well as for their décor.  The milkshakes were extravagant, with fun flavors and cookies, brownies, pop cakes, ice-cream cones, classic whipped cream and lots of sprinkles. For dinner I had a grilled cheese, another American staple that I thoroughly enjoy. This one had five (!!!) different types of cheese, as well as roasted tomatoes and bacon (which I ordered without). The actual place was very beautiful, with fun little trinkets, flashy neon signs, and cool retro gaming style decorations.

Pictured Left: Cinnaholic; Pictured Right: Jojo’s ShakeBAR

Chicago is definitely a great destination for foodies, so I’d recommend doing some research and getting right to experiencing different cultures through their stunning flavors!

The post Javiera’s Journey: A Story of Cultural Exchange and Learning appeared first on Interpro Translation Solutions.

While most familiar languages have evolved naturally over long periods of time, people interested in the art of language have put their talents to good use by developing their own languages, for a variety of different reasons. These individuals are known as conlangers, and their creations, conlangs (for “constructed languages”).

Regardless of the context, whether for a film, book, television show, or personal use, good conlangers need to keep in mind:

1. the speakers of their language (human or non-human),
2. the language’s format of transmission (spoken, written, or signed),
3. how the various parts of the body are used to express the language,
4. and how to make words build on each other organically.

The conlangs in this article are well-known examples of conlangers doing their jobs so effectively that their creations enter popular use.

Check out these fictional languages and their origins.

This blog is for entertainment purposes only. Interpro Translation Solutions, the author of this blog, and our linguists don’t claim to be an expert in any of these fictional languages.

Klingon

The Klingon language, also known as Klingonese, is a conlang used in the Star Trek universe.

It originated on the fictional planet Qo’noS, the home of the Klingon species. Created by linguist Marc Okrand, Klingon was first introduced in the movie Star Trek: The Motion Picture (1979) and gained significant attention in subsequent Star Trek films and television series.

The goal with Klingon was to create a believable and coherent language for the warlike Klingon characters, while making it sound unlike any human language. The task began with expanding a few lines of guttural sounds spoken by actors in the original Star Trek series to an organized linguistic system. Drawing inspiration from the existing sounds and phrases, Okrand meticulously crafted the Klingon language, giving it a distinct grammatical structure, vocabulary, and pronunciation.

Over time, the Klingon language has evolved into a fully functional constructed language with its own grammar rules, syntax, and vocabulary, becoming one of the most well-known fictional languages in popular culture. It is considered a real language, complete with books and resources for enthusiasts to learn and speak it. There are around 100 fluent speakers of Klingon, and there are even Klingon translations of Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Dickens’ A Christmas Carol.

Interpro Translation Solutions does not offer Klingon translation services…yet!

Pig Latin

Pig Latin is a playful word game often used by children to create a secret or coded version of English words. To convert a word into Pig Latin, follow these simple rules:

1. Take the first consonant or consonant cluster of the word and move it to the end of the word. If the word starts with a vowel, you keep it as it is.
2. Add “ay” to the new end of the word.

For example:

• “Pig” becomes “igpay.”
• “Latin” becomes “atinlay.”

The origins of Pig Latin are unclear, but it has been a popular game among English-speaking children for generations. It serves as a fun way to communicate secret messages among friends and has appeared in various forms of media, including books, movies, and TV shows.

As it is not a true language, it lacks complex grammar or vocabulary rules, making it more of an entertaining diversion than a fully-functional communication system.

To truly develop a conlang, speakers should move beyond simply substituting words for others in the same sentence structure, and take a holistic approach to viewing the fictional culture whose language they are creating.

Dothraki and Valyrian

Developed by linguist David J. Peterson for the TV series Game of Thrones, and based on the few words and phrases already provided by author George R.R. Martin in the books on which the show was based, Dothraki is the language spoken by the nomadic Dothraki people in the fictional world most famous for the characters of Westeros.

The Dothraki language has no written characters, but has still found an audience. It was first made famous in its fluent portrayal on the lips of actor Jason Momoa who, surprisingly, only has a background in English. Peterson won a competition among conlangers for the opportunity to design the language, and based it on Estonian, Inuktitut, Turkish, Russian, and Swahili.

Also consider Valyrian, another language crafted by David J. Peterson for Game of Thrones.

Valyrian has multiple forms and is spoken by the characters descended from the former empire of Valyria (analogous to our own Rome). Like other languages discussed here, in its world, Valyrian has been splintered among different locales and thus is beginning to be split into entirely different languages. This language draws inspiration from older Earth languages like Latin.

Parseltongue

This serpentine communication, famously expressed by Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort in J.K. Rowling’s iconic book series, is an example of how human/non-human differences impact the use of sounds.

Since snakes have neither lips nor vocal folds, they cannot convey words the way humans do, which creates a somewhat difficult language barrier.  It’s tricky to classify Parseltongue as a language, as it is more a series of sounds than anything written, but it is certainly distinctive. Elements of this conlang are similar to Arabic, as well as Niger Congo dialects.

Interestingly, in French, “Parseltongue” is translated fourchelangue, or “forked tongue.”  Can you guess in which language J.K. Rowling majored?

Elvish / Sindarin

In J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle-earth legendarium, he developed multiple Elvish languages, including Sindarin and Quenya.

Sindarin is perhaps the father of all modern conlangs, and, since Tolkien was himself a linguist, set a high standard for future fictional languages to come. Sindarin draws heavily from some of Tolkien’s favorite languages, Finnish, Old Norse, Welsh, and Irish.

Tolkien’s thousands of words and notes were built upon by dedicated fans, notably David Salo, enabling the completed lines of dialogue spoken in the Peter Jackson movies decades after Tolkien laid down his pen for the last time.

As mentioned in the introduction, languages change over time based on migration, social stimuli, and tastes. Tolkien established this principle in his own world, dividing Sindarin into the dialects of Doriathrin, Falathrin, North Sindarin, and Noldorin Sindarin. Sindarin itself grew from Common Telerin, itself a child of Common Eldarin, which came from Primitive Quendian, the original language of all Elves. The written script of Sindarin also changed from the Cirth to the Tengwar.

Outside of the world of Middle-earth, in a metatextual way, Tolkien also embarked on a linguistic evolution of his own as his tastes and conceptions of languages changed.

Na’vi

Developed by linguist Paul Frommer for the movie Avatar, Na’vi is the language spoken by the humanoid alien inhabitants of the planet Pandora.

Director James Cameron had written around thirty words early in the development of the film, but felt that a full language was needed to flesh out the world he was creating. To make the language easier on the actors to learn, Frommer used only elements found in the English language, but in a unique combination.

If the actors made mistakes, which they often did, these were attributed to the human characters’ tenuous grasp on the conlang or even incorporated by Frommer into the Na’vi language.

Frommer has taken an active role in the further development of his conlang, translating Avatar’s soundtrack lyrics, creating a compendium, and maintaining a blog on which he posts new words or clarifies grammar. Frommer has described the language as having a “Polynesian flavor.”

Newspeak

Created by George Orwell for his dystopian novel 1984, Newspeak is a fictional language designed to restrict freedom of thought and control the minds of the citizens of Oceania.

Unlike the other languages considered in this article, which change because society changes, in Orwell’s world society changes due to the restrictions of language. Put aptly by Orwell, “if thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought.”

While Newspeak follows most rules of English grammar, words are far simpler, and continue to grow shorter while losing meaning. Newspeak serves as Orwell’s critique of the decline of the English language, which, aside from its lost artistry, represents a decrease in thought as its speakers lose the nuance granted by diversity of language. The population can only speak, as it were, in black and white, as the variety of colors that give language its beauty is thrown out. Newspeak was created as a warning to Orwell’s readers.

Groot

The alien tree-like creature, first introduced in Marvel Comics and later made famous by the Guardians of the Galaxy films, speaks the simplest language in this article, composed primarily of three words: “I am Groot” (Groot itself coming from the Dutch word meaning “tall”).

Logically, it seems that Groot’s inflections within sentences convey the meaning of other words and phrases. In fact, the character Thor states that Groot’s language could be taught in a class.

But James Gunn, the director of all three Guardians films, intended for Groot’s language to only be understood by those who connect with Groot over a period of time. Groot’s teammates learn to understand his speech by growing close with him from the first film to the second.

At the end of the third film, Groot finally speaks a phrase the audience can understand, meaning the viewers have finally reached that level of closeness with Groot.

Lapine

Richard Adams created the Lapine language for his 1972 book Watership Down.

The word “Lapine” comes from the French word for rabbit, lapin, which is appropriate since the novel’s main characters are rabbits. Adams provided several dozen distinct words for the rabbits’ names and objects encountered in their world. The conlang developed slowly and individually; in the words of Adams, “when the rabbits needed a word for something, so did I.”

As a result, some the words resemble the sound they describe, such as hrududu, meaning “motor vehicle,” while others just came from the author’s mind. The conlanger wanted to create a language that sounded “fluffy,” like rabbits themselves. Modern readers have seen the influences of Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and even Arabic.

And More!

Constructed languages like these add depth and richness to fictional worlds and cultures, enhancing the experience and immersing audiences and readers. In that way, there is a connection between the real and the fictional, as immersion in any culture depends on a knowledge of its language.

Many conlangs have gained substantial followings outside of their original media, with enthusiasts learning and using these languages in fan communities. Though it may blend into the background of our days, language is truly a complex and miraculous phenomenon in all its forms, whether it has taken thousands of years or a decade to develop.

The post Fictional Languages: Exploring their Origin and Cultural Significance appeared first on Interpro Translation Solutions.